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KMID : 0894320080100010001
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Dongguk Journal of the Institute of Oriental Medicine
2008 Volume.10 No. 1 p.1 ~ p.40
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A Study on The ¡¯Kao Zheng Pai¡¯(ÍÅñû÷ï) of The Traditional Medicine of Japan
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Park Hyun-Kuk
Kim Ki-Wook
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Abstract
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1.The ¡¯Kao Zheng Pai¡¯(ÍÅñû÷ï) comes from the ¡¯Zhe Zhong Pai(ï¹õû÷ï)¡¯ and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(ïÌß¾ÑÑä±), Yoshida Koton(ͯï£üÖÔ ) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(ÍÅñûùÊ) influenced the members of the ¡¯Zhe Zhong Pai¡¯, and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of ¡¯Nei Qu Li¡¯(Ò®ÏÌÕô) the ¡¯Kao Zheng Pai¡¯, in the spirit of ¡¯use confucianism as the base¡¯, researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(ÍÅñûùÊ) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the ¡¯Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai¡¯(êãùÊÍÅñû÷ï). Also, the ¡¯Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai¡¯(ì¢ùÊÍÅñû÷ï) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(âÍÛäúî±). 3. In the ¡¯Kao Zheng Pai(ÍÅñû÷ï)¡¯s theories and views the ¡¯Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai¡¯ did not look at medical scriptures like the "Huang Di Nei Jing"("üÜð¨Ò®Ìè") and did not do research on ¡¯medical¡¯ related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on ¡¯formulas¡¯(Û°ð¥) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun" which was revered as the ¡¯ancestor of all formulas¡¯(ñëÛ°ñýðÓ). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the ¡¯Kao Zheng Pai¡¯ Meguro Dotaku(ÙÍýÙÔ³öü) Yamada Seichin(ߣï£ïáòÒ), Yamada Kyoko(ߣï£åöÎÆ), Mori Ritsi(ßµí¡ñý) Kitamura Naohara(ýìÒýõ½òÁΰ) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(ÙÍýÙÔ³öü ) was born of lowly descent but, using his intelligence and knowledge, became a professor as a Shi Jing Yi(ã¼ïÌì¢) and as a professor for 34 years at Ji Shou Guan(?áøν) mastered the "Huang Di Nei Jing" after giving over 300 lectures. Since his pupil, Isawara Ken(ì¥÷ÊÕµúÍ) taught the Lan Men Wu Zhe(ÕµÚ¦çéôÉ) and Shibue Chusai(?Ë°õÎî±), Mori Ritsi(ߵءñý), Okanishi Gentei(˪à¤úÜïÍ), Kiyokawa Gendoh(ôèô¹úÜÔ³) and Yamada Kyoko(ߣï£åöÎÆ), Meguro Dotaku is considered the founder of the ¡¯Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai¡¯. 2) The family of Yamada Seichin(ߣï£ïáòÒ ) had been medical officials in the Makufu(Øݤ) and the many books that his ancestors had left were the base of his art. Seichin learned from Shan Ben Bei Shan(ߣÜâÝÁߣ), a ¡¯Zhe Zhong Pai¡¯ scholar, and put his efforts into learning, teaching and researching the "Shang Han Lun"("ß¿ùÎÖå"). Living in a time between ¡¯Gu Fang Pai¡¯(ͯ۰÷ï) member Nakanishi Goretada(ñéà¤êîõ÷) and ¡¯Kao Zheng Pai¡¯ member Taki Motohiro(ÒýѺêªÊÛ), he wrote 11 books, 2 of which express his thoughts and research clearly, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Cheng"("ß¿ùÎÖåó¢à÷") and "Shang Han Kao"("ß¿ùÎÍÅ"). His comparison of the ¡¯six meridians¡¯(3 yin, 3 yang) between the "Shang Han Lun" and the "Su Wen Re Lun"("áÈÙý æðÖå") and his acknowledgement of the need and rationality of the concept of Yin-Yang and Deficient-Replete distinguishes him from the other ¡¯Gu Fang Pai¡¯. Also, his dissertation of the need for the concept doesn¡¯t use the theories of latter schools but uses the theory of the "Shang Han Lun" itself. He even researched the historical parts, such as terms like ¡¯Shen Nong Chang Bai Cao¡¯(ãêÒÜßÄÛÝõ®) and ¡¯Cheng Qi Tang¡¯(ã¯Ñ¨÷·). 3) The ancestor of Yamada Kyoko(ߣï£åöÎÆ) was a court physician, and learned confucianism from Kao Zheng Pai¡¯s Ashikawa Genan(ðÈô¹à¼äÝ) and medicine from Isawa Ranken(ì¥÷ÊÕµúÍ) and Taki Motokata(ÒýѺêªÌ±), and the secret to smallpox from Ikeda Keisui(ò®ï£ÌÈâ©). He later became a lecturer at the Edo Yi Xue Guan(ì¢ùÊν) and was invited as the director to the Ji Zhong(ðñë) hospital. He also became the first owner of the Wen Zhi She(è®ò±Þä), whose main purpose was the revival of kampo, and launched the monthly magazine Wen Zi Yi Tan(è®ò±ì¢ÓÈ). He also diagnosed and prescribed for the prince Ming Gong(Ù¥Ïà). His works include the "Jing Fang Bian"("ÌèÛ°Ü©"), "Shang Han Lun Si Ci"("ß¿ùÎÖåà·Þò"), "Huang Zhao Zhu Jia Zhi Yan Ji Yao"("üÕðÈð³Ê«ö½úÐó¢é©") and "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun Lei Juan"("ß¿ùÎíÚÜ»Öå×¾óÃ"). of these, the "Jing Fang Bian"("ÌèÛ°Ü©") states that the Shi Gao(à´ÍÇ) used in the "Shang Han Lun" had three meanings-Fa Biao(Û¡øú), Qing Re(ôèæð), Zi Yin(í²ëä)-which were from ¡¯symptoms¡¯, and first deducted the effects and then told of the reason. Another book, the "Jiu Zhe Tang Du Shu Ji"("Îúï¹ÓÑÔÁßöÑÀ") researched and translated the difficult parts of the "Shang Han Lun", "Jin Qui Yao Lue"("ÐÝ?é©ÕÔ"), "Qian Jin Fang"("ô¶ÐÝÛ°"), and "Wai Tai Mi Yao"("èâÓæÝúé©"). He usually analyzed the ¡¯symptoms¡¯ of diseases but the composition, measurement, processing and application of medicine were all in the spectrum of ¡¯analystic research¡¯ and ¡¯researching analysis¡¯. 4) The ancestors of Mori Ritsi(ߵءñý ) were warriors but he became a doctor by the will of his mother, and he learned from Shibue Chosai(߻˰õÎî±) and Isawaran Ken(ì¥÷ÊÕµúÍ) and later became a pupil of Shou Gu Yi Zhai(âÍÛäúî±), a historical research scholar. He then became a lecturer of medical herbs at the Yi Xue Guan, and later participated in the proofreading of "Yi Xin Fang"("ì¢ãýÛ°") and with Chosai compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("Ìèîß۾ͯò¤"). He visited the Chinese scholar Yang Shou Jing(åÅáúÌ×) in 1881 and exchanged books and ideas. Of his works, there are the collections(òþÜÜÜâ) of "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing"("ãêÒÜÜâõ®Ìè") and "You Xiang Yi Hwa"("ë´ßÓì¢ü¥") and the records, notes, poems, and diaries such as "Zhi Yuan Man Lu"("ò¬ê®Ø¼Öâ") and "Zhi Yuan Sui Bi"(ò¬ê®âËù¶) that were not published. His thoughts were that in restoring the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing", "the herb to the doctor is like the "Shuo Wen Jie Zi"(àãÙþú°í®) to the scholar", and he tried to restore the ancient herbal text using knowledge of medicine and investigation(ÍÅËà), Also with Chosai he compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("Ìèîß۾ͯò¤") using knowledge of ancient text. Ritzi left works on pure investigation, paid much attention to social problems, and through 12 years of poverty treated all people and animals in all branches of medicine, so he is called a ¡¯half confucianist half doctor¡¯(ÚâêãÚâì¢). 5) Kitamurana Ohira(ýìÒýõ½òÁΰ, ) learned scriptures and ancient texts from confucian scholar Asaka Gonsai(äÌîÝÊÝî±), and learned medicine from his father Huai Yaun(ÎÙê®), He became a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan in his middle ages, and to repay his country, he printed 266 volumes of "Yi Fang Lei Ju"("ì¢Û°ëºö©") and 1000 volumes of "Tai Ping Yu Lan"("÷¼øÁåÝÕÂ") and devoted it to his country to be spread. His works are about 40 volumes including "Jin Qui Yao Lue Shu Yi"("ÐÝ?é©ÕÔáÂëù") and "Lao Yi Zhi Yan"(ÒÇì¢?åë) but most of them are researches on the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun". In his "Shang Han Lun Shu Yi"("ß¿ùÎÖåáÂëù") he shows the concept of the six meridians through the Yin-Yang, Superficial or internal, cold or hot, deficient or replete state of diseases, but did not match the names with the six meridians of the meridian theory, and this has something in common with the research based on the confucianism of Song(áäêã). In clinical treatment he was positive toward old and new methods and also the experience of civilians, but was negative toward western medicine. 6) The ancestor of the Taki family Tanbano Yasuyori(Ó¡÷îˬÖó ) became a Yi Bo Shi(ì¢ÚÏÞÍ) by his medical skills and compiled the "Yi Xin Fang"("ì¢ãýÛ°"). His first son Tanbano Shigeaki(Ó¡÷îñìÙ¥) inherited the Shi Yao Yuan(ã¿å·êÂ) and the third son Tanbano Masatada(Ó¡÷îäºõ÷) inherited the Dian You Tou(îðå·Ôé). Masatada¡¯s descendents succeeded him for 25 generations until the family name was changed to Jin Bao(ÐÝÜÁ) and five generations later it was changed again to Duo Ji(ÒýѺ). The research scholar Taki Motohiro was in the third generation after the last name was changed to Taki, and his family kept an important part in the line of medical officers in Japan. Taki Motohiro(ÒýѺêªÊÛ ) was a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan where his father was residing, and became the physician for the general Jia Qi(Ê«ðº). He had a short temper and was not good at getting on in the world, and went against the will of the king and was banished from Ao Yi Shi(çóì¢ÞÔ). His most famous works, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Yi"("ß¿ùÎÖåòþëù") and "Jin Qui Yao Lue Ji Yi"("ÐÝ?é©ÕÔòþëù") are the work of 20 years of collecting the theories of many schools and discussing, and is one of the most famous books on the "Shang Han Lun" in Japan. "Yi Sheng"("ì¢ã") is a collection of essays on research. Also there are the "Su Wen Shi"(áÈÙýãÛ), "Ling Shu Shi"("ÖÄõÒãÛ"), and the "Guan Ju Fang Yao Bu"("κö©Û°é©ÜÍ"). Taki Motohiro(ÒýѺêªÊÛ)¡¯s position was succeeded by his third son Yuan Yin(êªëÊ ), and his works include works of research such as "Nan Jing Shu Jeng"(ÑñÌèáÂñû), "Ti Ya"("ô÷äº"), "Yao Ya"("å·äº"), "Ji Ya"(òðäº), "Ming Yi Gong An"(Ù£ì¢ÍëäÐ), and "Yi Ji Kao"(ì¢îßÍÅ). The "Yi Ji Kao" is 80 volumes in length and lists about 3000 books on medicine in China before the Qing Dao Guang(Ô³ÎÃ), and under each title are the origin, number of volumes, state of existence, and, if possible, the preface, Ba Yu(Û¢åÞ) and biography of the author. The younger sibling of Yuan Yin(êªëÊ ), Yuan Jian(êªÌ± ) expounded ancient writings at the Yi Xue Guan only after he reached middle age, was chosen for the Ao Yi Shi(çóì¢ÞÔ) and later became a Fa Yan(ÛöäÑ), Fa Yin(ÛöìÔ) and Yu Chi(åÝãµ). He left about 15 texts, including "Su Wen Shao Shi"("áÈÙýáÉãÛ"), "Yi Xin Fang"("ì¢ãýÛ°"), published in school, "Za Bing Guang Yao"("íÚÜ»ÎÆé©"), "Shang Han Guang Yao"("ß¿ùÎÎÆé©"), and "Zhen Fu Yao Jue"("òàÜÙé©ÌÁ"). On the Taki family¡¯s founding and working of the Yi Xue Guan Yasuka Doumei(ãÅâ¦Ô³Ù¥) said they were "the people who took the initiative in Edo era kampo medicine" and evaluated their deeds in the fields of ¡¯research of ancient text¡¯, the founding of Ji Shou Guan(?áøν) and medical education¡¯, ¡¯publication business¡¯, ¡¯writing of medical text¡¯. 5. The doctors of the ¡¯Kao Zheng Pai¡¯ based their operations on the Edo Yi Xue Guan, and made groups with people with similar ideas to them, making a relationship ¡¯net¡¯. For example the three families of Duo Ji(ÒýѺ), Tang Chuan(÷·ô¹) and Xi Duo Cun(ýìÒýõ½) married and adopted with and from each other and made prefaces and epitaphs for each other. Thus, the Taki family, the state science of the Makufu, the tendency of thinking, one¡¯s own interests and glory, one¡¯s own knowledge, the need of the society all played a role in the development of kampo medicine in the 18th and 19th century.
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KEYWORD
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The traditional medicine of Japan(Huang Han Medicine üÕùÓì¢ùÊ), Kao Zheng Pai¡¯(ÍÅñû÷ï), Meguro Dotaku(ÙÍýÙÔ³öü), Yamada Seichin(ߣï£ïáòÒ), Yamada Kyoko(ߣï£åöÎÆ), Mori Ritsi(ߵءñý), Kitamura Naohara(ýìÒýõ½òÁΰ), Taki family (ÒýѺêªÊÛ, ÒýѺêªëÊ)
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FullTexts / Linksout information
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